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. Also spelled 'Ulan Bator'. 'Mongolian' denotes nationality, which includes minorities such as or, while 'Mongol' indicates. Mongolia ( ( ); Mongol Uls in; Mongγol Ulus transliterated in ) is a in.
Its area is roughly equivalent with the historical territory of, and that term is sometimes used to refer to the current state. It is sandwiched between to the south and to the north. Mongolia does not share a border with, although only 37 kilometres (23 mi) separates them. At 1,564,116 square kilometres (603,909 sq mi), Mongolia is the and the in the world, with a population of around 3 million people. It is also the world's second-largest landlocked country behind and the largest landlocked country that does not border a. The country contains very little, as much of its area is covered by grassy, with mountains to the north and west and the to the south., the capital and largest city, is home to about 45% of the country's population.
Ulaanbaatar also shares the rank of the world's coldest capital city with Moscow, Ottawa, and Astana. Approximately 30% of the population is or semi-nomadic; is still integral.
The majority of its population are. The non-religious population is the second largest group. Is the dominant religion among ethnic. The majority of the state's citizens are of Mongol ethnicity, although, and other minorities also live in the country, especially in the west. Mongolia joined the in 1997 and seeks to expand its participation in regional economic and trade groups. The area of what is now Mongolia has been ruled by various, including the, the, the, the, and others. In 1206, founded the, which became the largest in history.
His grandson conquered China to establish the. After the collapse of the Yuan, the retreated to Mongolia and resumed their earlier pattern of factional conflict, except during the era of. In the 16th century, began to spread in Mongolia, being further led by the -founded, which absorbed the country in the 17th century. By the early 1900s, almost one-third of the adult male population were Buddhist monks. After the collapse of the Qing dynasty in 1911, Mongolia, and achieved actual in 1921.
Shortly thereafter, the country came under the control of the, which had aided its independence from China. In 1924, the was founded as a. After the anti-Communist, Mongolia conducted its own peaceful in early 1990.
This led to a, a new constitution of 1992, and transition to a. Mongolian ordos (palaces) were likened to 'cities on the move'. Neolithic agricultural settlements (c.
5500–3500 BC), such as those at Norovlin, Tamsagbulag, Bayanzag, and Rashaan Khad, predated the introduction of horse-riding nomadism, a pivotal event in the history of Mongolia which became the dominant culture. Horse-riding nomadism has been documented by archeological evidence in Mongolia during the Copper and Bronze Age (3500–2500 BC); this culture was active to the in Central Mongolia. The wheeled vehicles found in the burials of the Afanasevans have been dated to before 2200 BC. Pastoral nomadism and metalworking became more developed with the later (2nd millennium BC), (2300–1000 BC) and (1500–300 BC), culminating with the Iron Age Empire in 209 BC. Monuments of the pre-Xiongnu Bronze Age include, keregsur, and rock paintings. Although cultivation of crops has continued since the Neolithic, agriculture has always remained small in scale compared to pastoral nomadism.
Agriculture may have first been introduced from the west or arose independently in the region. The population during the has been described as mongoloid in the east of what is now Mongolia, and as europoid in the west. Tocharians and inhabited western Mongolia during the Bronze Age.
The mummy of a Scythian warrior, which is believed to be about 2,500 years old, was a 30- to 40-year-old man with blond hair; it was found in, Mongolia. As equine nomadism was introduced into Mongolia, the political center of the also shifted to Mongolia, where it remained until the 18th century CE. The intrusions of northern pastoralists (e.g. The Guifang, Shanrong, and ) into China during the (1600–1046 BC) and (1046–256 BC) presaged the age of.
The Northern Yuan at its greatest extent. In the chaos of the late 12th century, a chieftain named finally succeeded in uniting the Mongol tribes between and the. In 1206, he took the title, and waged a series of military campaigns – renowned for their brutality and ferocity – sweeping through much of Asia, and forming the, the largest contiguous land empire in world history. Under his successors it stretched from present-day in the west to in the east, and from in the north to the and in the south, covering some 33,000,000 square kilometres (13,000,000 sq mi), (22% of Earth's total land area) and had a population of over 100 million people (about a quarter of Earth's total population at the time). The emergence of also significantly eased trade and commerce across Asia during its height.
After Genghis Khan's death, the empire was subdivided into four kingdoms. These eventually became quasi-independent after the (1260–1264), which broke out in a battle for power following 's death in 1259. One of the khanates, the 'Great Khaanate', consisting of the Mongol homeland and, became known as the under, the grandson of Genghis Khan. He set up his capital in present-day.
After more than a century of power, the Yuan was replaced by the in 1368, and the Mongol court fled to the north. As the Ming armies pursued the Mongols into their homeland, they successfully sacked and destroyed the Mongol capital and other cities. Some of these attacks were repelled by the Mongols under and his general. An image of an early 20th-century caravan, traveling on horseback, possibly to trade goods.
The last Mongol Khan was in the early 17th century. He came into conflicts with the over the looting of Chinese cities, and also alienated most Mongol tribes. He died in 1634. By 1636 most tribes had submitted to the Manchus, who founded the. The Khalkha eventually submitted to Qing rule in 1691, thus bringing all of today's Mongolia under Manchu rule. After several wars, the (the western Mongols or Oirats) were virtually annihilated during the Qing conquest of Dzungaria in 1757–58. Some scholars estimate that about 80% of the 600,000 or more by a combination of disease and warfare.
Outer Mongolia was given relative autonomy, being administered by the hereditary Genghisid khanates of Tusheet Khan, Setsen Khan, Zasagt Khan and Sain Noyon Khan. The of Mongolia had immense de facto authority. The Manchu forbade mass Chinese immigration into the area, which allowed the Mongols to keep their culture. The Oirats who migrated to the in Russia became known as.
The main trade route during this period was the through Siberia; it had permanent stations located every 25 to 30 kilometres (16 to 19 mi), each of which was staffed by 5–30 chosen families. Urga (present-day ) benefited greatly from this overland trade, as it was the only major settlement in Outer Mongolia used as a stopover point by merchants, officials and travelers on the Tea Road. Until 1911, the Qing dynasty maintained control of Mongolia with a series of alliances and intermarriages, as well as military and economic measures., Manchu 'high officials', were installed in, and, and the country was divided into numerous feudal and ecclesiastical fiefdoms (which also placed people in power with loyalty to the Qing). Over the course of the 19th century, the feudal lords attached more importance to representation and less importance to the responsibilities towards their subjects. The behaviour of Mongolia's nobility, together with practices by Chinese traders and the collection of imperial taxes in silver instead of animals, resulted in widespread poverty among the nomads. By 1911 there were 700 large and small monasteries in Outer Mongolia; their 115,000 monks made up 21% of the population. Apart from the Jebtsundamba Khutuktu, there were 13 other reincarnating high lamas, called 'seal-holding saints' ( tamgatai khutuktu), in Outer Mongolia.
Modern history. Khorloogiin Choibalsan instituted of livestock, began the destruction of the, and carried out the, which resulted in the murders of numerous monks and other leaders. In Mongolia during the 1920s, approximately one-third of the male population were monks. By the beginning of the 20th century, about 750 monasteries were functioning in Mongolia.
In 1930 Soviet Union stopped migration to the Mongolian People's Republic to prevent Mongolian reunification. All leaders of Mongolia who did not fulfill 's demands to perform against Mongolians were executed, including. The, which began in 1937, killed more than 30,000 people. Choibalsan died suspiciously in the Soviet Union in 1952. Leader said, 'People of Mongolia are not important, the land is important.
Mongolian land is larger than England, France and Germany'. Mongolian troops fight against the Japanese counterattack at, 1939 After the in 1931, Mongolia was threatened on this front. During the of 1939, the Soviet Union successfully defended Mongolia against Japanese expansionism.
Mongolia fought against Japan during the in 1939 and during the in August 1945 to liberate from Japan and China. Cold War The February 1945 provided for the Soviet Union's participation in the. One of the Soviet conditions for its participation, put forward at Yalta, was that after the war Outer Mongolia would retain its independence. Took place on October 20, 1945, with (according to official numbers) 100% of the electorate voting for independence. After the establishment of the, both countries confirmed their mutual recognition on October 6, 1949. However, the used its in 1955, to stop the admission of the to the United Nations on the grounds it recognized all of Mongolia —including Outer Mongolia— as part of China.
This was the only time the ever used its veto. Hence, and because of the repeated threats to veto by the ROC, Mongolia did not join the UN until 1961 when the agreed to lift its veto on the admission of (and any other newly independent African state), in return for the admission of Mongolia. Faced with pressure from nearly all the other African countries, the ROC relented under protest.
Mongolia and Mauritania were both admitted to the UN on 27 October 1961. (see ) On January 26, 1952, took power in Mongolia after the death of Choibalsan. While Tsedenbal was visiting Moscow in August 1984, his severe illness prompted the parliament to announce his retirement and replace him with.
Post-Cold War The collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 strongly influenced Mongolian politics. Its people undertook the in 1990 and the introduction of a multi-party system and a market economy. A new constitution was introduced in 1992, and the 'People's Republic' was dropped from the country's name.
The transition to a decentralised economy was often rocky; during the early 1990s the country had to deal with high inflation and food shortages. The first election victories for non-communist parties came in 1993 (presidential elections) and 1996 (parliamentary elections). China has supported Mongolia's application for membership in to the Asia Cooperation Dialogue (ACD), (APEC) and granting it in the. Geography and climate. The southern portion of Mongolia is taken up by the, while the northern and western portions are mountainous. At 1,564,116 km 2 (603,909 sq mi), Mongolia is the world's country (after ). It is significantly larger than the next-largest country,.
It mostly lies between latitudes and (a small area is north of 52°), and longitudes. As a point of reference the northernmost part of Mongolia is on roughly the same latitude as Berlin (Germany) and Amsterdam (Netherlands), while the southernmost part is on roughly the same latitude as Rome (Italy) and Chicago (USA).
The westernmost part of Mongolia is on roughly the same longitude as Kolkata (India), while the easternmost part is on the same longitude as Qinhuangdao (China) and Hangzhou (China), as well as the western edge of Taiwan. Although Mongolia does not share a border with, its westernmost point is only 36.76 kilometres (22.84 mi) from. The geography of Mongolia is varied, with the to the south and cold, mountainous regions to the north and west. Much of Mongolia consists of the, with forested areas comprising 11.2% of the total land area, a higher percentage than the Republic of Ireland (10%). The whole of Mongolia is considered to be part of the. The highest point in Mongolia is the in the massif in the far west at 4,374 m (14,350 ft).
The basin of the, shared with in Russia, is a natural. The in, close to the birthplace of Genghis Khan. In winter the whole of Mongolia comes under the influence of the. The localities most severely affected by this cold weather are Uvs province , western Khovsgol , eastern Zavkhan , northern Bulgan (Hutag) and eastern Dornod province (Khalkhiin Gol).
Ulaanbaatar is strongly, but less severely, affected. The cold gets less severe as one goes south, reaching the warmest January temperatures in Omnogovi Province (, ) and the region of the Altai mountains bordering China. A unique microclimate is the fertile grassland-forest region of central and eastern Arkhangai Province and northern Ovorkhangai Province where January temperatures are on average the same and often higher than the warmest desert regions to the south in addition to being more stable. The play a certain role in forming this microclimate. In Tsetserleg, the warmest town in this microclimate, nighttime January temperatures rarely go under −30 °C (−22 °F) while daytime January temperatures often reach 0 °C (32 °F) to 5 °C (41 °F). The country is subject to occasional harsh climatic conditions known as.
Zud, which is a natural disaster unique to Mongolia, results in large proportions of the country's livestock dying from starvation or freezing temperatures or both, resulting in economic upheaval for the largely pastoral population. The annual average temperature in Ulaanbaatar is −1.3 °C (29.7 °F), making it the world's coldest capital city.
Mongolia is high, cold, and windy. It has an extreme continental climate with long, cold winters and short summers, during which most of its annual precipitation falls. The country averages 257 cloudless days a year, and it is usually at the center of a region of high atmospheric pressure.
Precipitation is highest in the north (average of 200 to 350 millimeters (8 to 14 in) per year) and lowest in the south, which receives 100 to 200 millimeters (4 to 8 in) annually. The highest annual precipitation of 622.297 mm (24.500 in) occurred in the forests of close to the border with Russia and the lowest of 41.735 mm (1.643 in) occurred in the Gobi Desert (period 1961–1990). The sparsely populated far north of Bulgan Province averages 600 mm (24 in) in annual precipitation which means it receives more precipitation than Beijing (571.8 mm or 22.51 in) or (571 mm or 22.5 in).
Gobi rangelands are fragile and easily destroyed by overgrazing, which results in expansion of the true desert, a stony waste where not even can survive. The arid conditions in the Gobi are attributed to the caused by the Himalayas. Before the Himalayas were formed by the collision of the Indo-Australian plate with the Eurasian plate 10 million years ago, Mongolia was a flourishing habitat for major fauna but still somewhat arid and cold due to distance from sources of evaporation. Sea turtle and mollusk fossils have been found in the Gobi, apart from well-known dinosaur fossils. ( Lepidurus mongolicus) are still found in the Gobi today.
The eastern part of Mongolia including the, rivers and form part of the basin draining to the Pacific Ocean. It hosts some unique species like the Eastern brook lamprey, Daurian crayfish ( cambaroides dauricus) and Daurian pearl oyster ( dahurinaia dahurica) in the Onon/Kherlen rivers as well as Siberian prawn ( exopalaemon modestus) in Lake Buir.
In settlements, many families live in Mongolia's total population as of January 2015 was estimated by the to be 3,000,251 people, ranking around 121st in the world. But the uses the United Nations (UN) estimations instead of the U.S. Census Bureau estimations. Population Division estimates Mongolia's total population (mid-2007) as 2,629,000 (11% less than the U.S. Census Bureau figure).
UN estimates resemble those made by the Mongolian National Statistical Office (2,612,900, end of June 2007). Mongolia's population growth rate is estimated at 1.2% (2007 est.). About 59% of the total population is under age 30, 27% of whom are under 14. This relatively and growing population has placed strains on Mongolia's economy. The first census in the 20th century was carried out in 1918 and recorded a population of 647,500. Since the end of socialism, Mongolia has experienced a decline of (children per woman) that is steeper than in any other country in the world, according to recent UN estimations: in 1970–1975, fertility was estimated to be 7.33 children per woman, dropping to about 2.1 in 2000–2005. The decline ended and in 2005–2010, the estimated fertility value increased to 2.5 and stabilised afterwards at the rate of about 2.2–2.3 children per woman.
Ethnic Mongols account for about 95% of the population and consist of Khalkha and other groups, all distinguished primarily by dialects of the Mongol language. The make up 86% of the ethnic Mongol population. The remaining 14% include, and others.
( and ) constitute 4.5% of Mongolia's population, and the rest are Russian, Chinese, Korean and American nationalities. Languages The official language of Mongolia is, and is spoken by 95% of the population. A variety of of and are spoken across the country, and there are also some speakers of Khamnigan. In the west of the country, and, both, are also spoken.
Is the principal language of the deaf community. Today, Mongolian is written using the in Mongolia, although in the past it was written using the. An official reintroduction of the old script was planned for 1994, but has not taken place as older generations encountered practical difficulties. The traditional alphabet is being slowly reintroduced through schools. Is the most frequently spoken foreign language in Mongolia, followed by English, although English has been gradually replacing Russian as the second language. Has gained popularity as tens of thousands of.
Cuisine is rooted in their nomadic history, and thus includes much dairy content and meat, but few vegetables. Two of the most popular dishes are (a meat-filled steamed dumpling) and (a sort of deep-fried meat pie.) Religion. Religions in Mongolia (population aged 15 and above) Religion Population Share Non-religious 735,283 38.6% Religious 1,170,283 61.4% 1,009,357 53.0% 57,702 3.0% 55,174 2.9% 41,117 2.2% Other religions 6,933 0.4% Total 1,905,566 100.0% According to the 2010 National Census, among Mongolians aged 15 and above, 53% were, while 39% were.
Has been widely practised throughout the history of what is now Mongolia, with similar beliefs being common among the nomads of central Asia. They gradually gave way to, but shamanism has left a mark on Mongolian religious culture, and it continues to be practiced. The Kazakhs of western Mongolia, some Mongols and other Turkic peoples in the country traditionally adhere to. Throughout much of the 20th century, the government repressed religious practices. It targeted the clergy of the Mongolian Buddhist Church, which had been tightly intertwined with the previous feudal government structures (e.g. From 1911 on, the head of the Church had also been the of the country).
In the late 1930s, the regime, then led by, closed almost all of Mongolia's over 700 Buddhist monasteries. The number of dropped from 100,000 in 1924 to 110 in 1990. The in 1991 restored public religious practice., which had been the predominant religion prior to the rise of communism, again rose to become the most widely practised religion in Mongolia. The end of religious repression in the 1990s also allowed for other religions to spread in the country. According to the Christian missionary group, the number of Christians grew from just four in 1989 to around 40,000 as of 2008. In May 2013, (LDS Church) held a cultural program to celebrate 20 years of LDS Church history in Mongolia, with 10,900 members, and 16 church buildings in the country. There are some 1,000 Catholics in Mongolia and, in 2003, a missionary from the was named Mongolia's first bishop.
Government and politics. Chamber in session Mongolia is a with a directly elected. The people also elect the deputies in the national assembly, the. The President appoints the Prime Minister, and nominates the Cabinet on the proposal of the prime minister. The guarantees a number of freedoms, including full. Mongolia has a number of political parties; the largest are the and the. The non-governmental organisation considers Mongolia to be free.
The People's Party – known as the People's Revolutionary Party between 1924 and 2010 – formed the government from 1921 to 1996 (in a until 1990) and from 2000 to 2004. From 2004 to 2006, it was part of a coalition with the Democrats and two other parties, and after 2006 it was the dominant party in two other coalitions. The party initiated two changes of government from 2004 prior to losing power in the 2012 election. The Democrats were the dominant force in a ruling coalition between 1996 and 2000, and an almost-equal partner with the People's Revolutionary Party in a coalition between 2004 and 2006. An election of deputies to the national assembly on 28 June 2012 resulted in no party having an overall majority; however, as the Democratic Party won the largest number of seats, its leader, was appointed on August 10, 2012. In 2014, he was replaced. The won a landslide victory in the and the current is 's.
Mongolia's President with U.S. Secretary of State, June 2016 The is able to veto the laws made by parliament, appoint judges and justice of courts and appoint ambassadors. The parliament can override that veto by a two-thirds majority vote.
Mongolia's constitution provides three requirements for taking office as president; the candidate must be a native-born Mongolian, be at least 45 years old, and have resided in Mongolia for five years before taking office. The president must also suspend their party membership., a two-time former prime minister and member of the Democratic Party was elected as president on May 24, 2009 and inaugurated on June 18 that year. Elbegdorj was re-elected on June 26, 2013 and was inaugurated on July 10, 2013 for his second term as president. Mongolia uses a, The State Great Khural, with 76 seats, which is chaired by the speaker of the house. Its members are directly elected, every four years, by popular vote.
Foreign relations. Mongolia's President and in, September 2017 Mongolia's foreign relations traditionally focus on its two large neighbors, and the. Mongolia is economically dependent on these countries; China receives 90% of Mongolia's exports by value and accounts for 60% of its foreign trade, while Russia supplies 90% of Mongolia's energy requirements.
It has begun seeking positive relations with a wider range of other nations especially in cultural and economic matters, focusing on encouraging foreign investments and trade. Main article: Mongolia supported the, and has sent several successive contingents of 103 to 180 troops each to.
About 130 troops are currently deployed in. 200 Mongolian troops are serving in on a UN mandate to protect the UN's set up there, and in July 2009, Mongolia decided to send a to in support of. From 2005 to 2006, about 40 troops were deployed with the Belgian and Luxembourg contingents in. On November 21, 2005, became the first-ever sitting U.S.
President to visit Mongolia. In 2004, under Bulgarian chairmanship, the (OSCE) invited Mongolia as its newest Asian Partner. Legal system. View of Ulaanbaatar with the.
Economic activity in Mongolia has long been based on herding and agriculture, although development of extensive mineral deposits of copper, coal, tin, and gold have emerged as a driver of industrial production. Besides mining (21.8% of GDP) and agriculture (16% of GDP), dominant industries in the composition of GDP are wholesale and retail trade and service, transportation and storage, and real estate activities. The is estimated to be at least one-third the size of the official economy. As of 2006, 68.4% of Mongolia's exports went to the, and the PRC supplied 29.8% of Mongolia's imports. Mongolia is ranked as lower-middle-income economy by the.
Some 22.4% of the population lives on less than 1.25 a day. In 2011, GDP per capita was $3,100.
Despite growth, the proportion of the population below the poverty line was estimated to be 35.6% in 1998, 36.1% in 2002–2003, and 32.2% in 2006. Because of a boom in the mining sector, Mongolia had high growth rates in 2007 and 2008 (9.9% and 8.9%, respectively). In 2009, sharp drops in commodity prices and the effects of the global financial crisis caused the local currency to drop 40% against the U.S. Two of the 16 commercial banks were taken into receivership. In 2011, GDP growth was expected to reach 16.4%. However, inflation continued to erode GDP gains, with an average rate of 12.6% expected at the end of 2011. Although GDP has risen steadily since 2002 at the rate of 7.5% in an official 2006 estimate, the state is still working to overcome a sizable trade deficit.
The Economist predicted this trade deficit of 14% of Mongolia's GDP would transform into a surplus in 2013. Mongolia was never listed among the countries until February 2011 when analysts determined Mongolia to be one of the ' countries, which are countries with the most promising growth prospects for 2010–2050. The, established in 1991 in Ulaanbaatar, is among the world's smallest.
In 2011, it had 336 companies listed with a total market capitalization of US$2 billion after quadrupling from US$406 million in 2008. Mongolia made a significant improvement on the ease of doing business in 2012, moving up to rank 76 compared with 88 the previous year in the 'Doing Business' report by the (IFC). Mineral industry. Employs 18,000 workers and expects to be producing 450,000 tonnes of copper a year by 2020 Minerals represent more than 80% of Mongolia's exports, a proportion expected to eventually rise to 95%.
About 3,000 mining licences have been issued. Mining is continuing to rise as a major industry of Mongolia as evidenced by the number of Chinese, Russian and Canadian firms starting mining businesses in Mongolia. In 2009, the government negotiated an 'investment agreement' with and to develop the copper and gold deposit, the biggest foreign-investment project in Mongolia, expected to account for one-third of Mongolia's GDP by 2020. In March 2011, six big mining companies prepared to bid for the area, the world's largest untapped coal deposit. According to Erdenes MGL, the government body in-charge of Tavan Tolgoi, U.S. Coal miner, a consortium of Chinese energy firm and Japan's, and a separate consortium of Japanese, South Korean and Russian firms are the preferred bidders.
Mongolian ferry Sukhbaatar on in Khovsgol Province. The is the main rail link between Mongolia and its neighbors. It begins at the in Russia at the town of, crosses into Mongolia, runs through Ulaanbaatar, then passes into China at where it joins the Chinese railway system.
A separate railroad link connects the eastern city of with the Trans-Siberian Railway. However, that link is closed to passengers after the Mongolian town of. Mongolia has a number of domestic airports with some of them having international status. However, the main international airport is, located approximately 20 km (12 mi) from downtown Ulaanbaatar. Direct flight connections exist between Mongolia and South Korea, China, Thailand, Hong Kong, Japan, Russia, Germany, Kyrgyzstan, and Turkey.
Is Mongolia's national air carrier operating international flights, while other domestic air carriers such as Aero Mongolia and Hunnu Airlines are serving both domestic and regional routes. Many overland roads in Mongolia are only gravel roads or simple cross-country tracks. There are paved roads from Ulaanbaatar to the Russian and Chinese borders, from Ulaanbaatar east- and westward (the so-called Millenium Road), and from Darkhan to.
A number of road construction projects are currently underway. Mongolia has 4,800 km (3,000 mi) of paved roads, with 1,800 km (1,100 mi) of that total completed in 2013 alone. Education During the state socialist period, education was one of the areas of significant achievement in Mongolia. Before the, literacy rates were below one percent. By 1952, illiteracy was virtually eliminated, in part through the use of seasonal boarding schools for children of nomadic families. Funding to these boarding schools was cut in the 1990s, contributing to slightly increased illiteracy. Primary and secondary education formerly lasted 10 years, but was expanded to 11 years.
Since the 2008–2009 school year, new first-graders are using the 12-year system, and a full transition to the 12-year system will not occur until the 2019–2020 school year, when the current third-graders graduate. As of 2006, English is taught in all secondary schools across Mongolia, beginning in fourth grade. Mongolian national universities are all spin-offs from the and the. Almost three in five Mongolian youths now enroll in university. There was a six-fold increase in students between 1993 and 2010. Health See Culture. A in front of the The traditional Mongolian dwelling is known as a ger.
In the past it was known by the Russian term yurt, but this is changing as the Mongolian term becomes better known among English-speaking countries. According to Mongolian artist and art critic, the ger was the basis for development of traditional Mongolian architecture. In the 16th and 17th centuries, lamaseries were built throughout the country. Many of them started as ger-temples. When they needed to be enlarged to accommodate the growing number of worshippers, the Mongolian architects used structures with 6 and 12 angles with pyramidal roofs to approximate to the round shape of a ger. Further enlargement led to a quadratic shape of the temples.
The roofs were made in the shape of marquees. The trellis walls, roof poles and layers of felt were replaced by stone, brick, beams and planks, and became permanent. Chultem distinguished three styles in traditional Mongolian architecture: Mongolian, and as well as combinations of the three. Among the first quadratic temples was Batu-Tsagaan (1654) designed.
An example of the ger-style architecture is the lamasery Dashi-Choiling in Ulaanbaatar. The temple Lavrin (18th century) in the lamasery was built in the Tibetan tradition. An example of a temple built in the Chinese tradition is the lamasery Choijing Lamiin Sume (1904), which is a museum today. The quadratic temple Tsogchin in lamasery Gandan in Ulaanbaatar is a combination of the Mongolian and Chinese tradition. The temple of Maitreya (disassembled in 1938) is an example of the Tibeto-Mongolian architecture. Dashi-Choiling monastery has commenced a project to restore the temple and the 25 metres (82 ft) sculpture of Maitreya.
Musician playing the traditional Mongolian musical instrument The music of Mongolia is strongly influenced by nature, nomadism, shamanism, and also Tibetan Buddhism. The traditional music includes a variety of instruments, famously the, and also the singing styles like the ('long song'), and throat-singing. The 'tsam' is danced to keep away evil spirits and it was seen the reminiscences of shamaning. The first rock band of Mongolia was, founded in the 1960s. Their -like manner was severely criticized by the Communist censorship. It was followed by Mungunhurhree, Ineemseglel, Urgoo, etc., carving out the path for the genre in the harsh environment of Communist ideology. Mungunhurhree and were to become the pioneers in the Mongolia's heavy rock music.
Haranga approached its zenith in the late 1980s and 1990s. The leader of Haranga, famous guitarist Enh-Manlai, generously helped the growth of the following generations of rockers. Among the followers of Haranga was the band.
In the early 1990s, group Har-Chono put the beginning for Mongolia's folk-rock, merging elements of the Mongolian traditional ' into the genre. By that time, the environment for development of artistic thought had become largely liberal thanks to the new democratic society in the country. The 1990s saw development of rap, techno, hip-hop and also boy bands and girl bands flourish at the turn of the millennium. Mongolian media interviewing the opposition. The media has gained significant freedoms since democratic reforms initiated in the 1990s. Mongolian press began in 1920 with close ties to the under the Mongolian Communist Party, with the establishment of the Unen ('Truth') newspaper similar to the Soviet. Until reforms in the 1990s, the government had strict control of the media and oversaw all publishing, in which no independent media was allowed.
The had a significant impact on Mongolia, where the grew into a democracy, and with that, media freedoms came to the forefront. A new law on press freedom, drafted with help from international NGOs on August 28, 1998 and enacted on January 1, 1999, paved the way for media reforms. The Mongolian media currently consists of around 300 print and broadcasting outlets.
Since 2006, the media environment has been improving with the government debating a new, and the removal of any affiliation of media outlets with the government. Market reforms have led to an increasing number of people working in the media year on year, along with students at journalism schools. In its 2013 World Press Freedom Index report, classified the media environment as 98th out of 179, with 1st being most free. In 2016, Mongolia was ranked 60th out of 180. According to 2014 Asian Development Bank survey, 80% of Mongolians cited TV as their main source of information. Sports and festivals.
Is the largest summer celebration The main national festival is, which has been organised for centuries and takes place over three days in the summer, consists of three Mongolian traditional sports, cross-country horse-racing, and wrestling, traditionally recognized as the Three Manly Games of Naadam. In modern-day Mongolia, Naadam is held on July 11 to 13 in the honour of the anniversaries of the National Democratic Revolution and foundation of the Great Mongol State.
Another very popular activity called Shagaa is the 'flicking' of sheep ankle bones at a target several feet away, using a flicking motion of the finger to send the small bone flying at targets and trying to knock the target bones off the platform. At Naadam, this contest is very popular and develops a serious audience among older Mongolians. Traditional is the most popular of all Mongol sports.
It is the highlight of the Three Manly Games of Naadam. Historians claim that Mongol-style wrestling originated some seven thousand years ago. Hundreds of wrestlers from different cities and aimags around the country take part in the national wrestling competition. Other sports such as basketball, and association football, athletics, gymnastics, table tennis, have become popular in Mongolia. More Mongolian table tennis players are competing internationally.
Has been practised since 1958 in Mongolia. Mongolian freestyle wrestlers have won the first and the most Olympic medals of Mongolia. Won Mongolia's first ever Olympic gold medal in the men's 100-kilogram class of judo. Has been practised in Mongolia since 1948. Mongolian Olympic boxing national team was founded in 1960. Communist government of Mongolia banned boxing during the period 1964–1967 but the government ended ban on boxing soon.
Began in Mongolia in the 1990s. Enjoyed some success recently, especially at the. Association football is also played in Mongolia. The began playing national games again during the 1990s; but has not yet qualified for a major international tournament.
The is the top domestic competition. Several Mongolian women have excelled in: is a silver medalist of the 2008 Olympic Games, is a double world champion and Olympic bronze medal winner (now representing Germany), while is, as of May 2007, ranked third in the world in the event. Mongolian wrestler won 25 top division tournament championships, placing him fourth on the. In January 2015, took his 33rd top division championship, giving him the most in the history of sumo.
Is the only sport in which Mongolia has finished higher than third place at the, which happened in when captured the silver medal. It led to being chosen as the best Mongolian sport team of 2011. Mongolia was proud to win the bronze medal of the B division at the after which the then, held a reception for the team. Ulaanbataar holds an annual marathon in June. 2015 will have the 6th marathon that has been organized by Ar Mongol. The race starts at Sukh Bataar Square and is always open to residents and runners who come especially for this unique event.